Comsol inductance. EDT Low-Frequency Electromagnetics, Geometry Version 5.

Comsol inductance 5*L*I^2 . EST Low-Frequency Electromagnetics Version 5. Learn more on the blog. It is very important to check the quality of the mesh before running the simulation. 2a 0 Replies The mutual inductance and induced currents between a single-turn primary and 20-turn secondary coil in a concentric coplanar arrangement is computed using a frequency domain model. EST Electromagnetics, Low-Frequency Electromagnetics 1 Reply The mutual inductance and induced currents between a single turn primary and twenty turn secondary coil in a concentric coplanar arrangement is computed using a frequency domain model. Self Inductance and Mutual Inductance of a Single Conductor and a Homogenized Helical Coil This model is licensed under the COMSOL Software License Agreement 5. See full list on comsol. In principle, this may provide better understanding of the inductance dependence on the axial current components that are tacitly neglected in common calculations [4], [5]. Directly extract the coil inductance, namely mf, LCiol_1, 2. frequency with peaks and troughs. The inductance per unit length matrix ( L ), using equation (2), for the model is: L What Can the AC/DC Module Do? The AC/DC Module provides a unique environment for simulation of AC/DC electromagnetics in 2D and 3D. This can be achieved from integrating the magnetic energy density over the surface. Most of the avaialble tutorial on COMSOL focuses on 2D axi-symmetric simulation. The mutual inductance between a primary and secondary single turn coil in a concentric coplanar arrangement is computed using a DC, steady-state, model and compared against the analytic solution. Self-Inductance and Mutual Inductance of a Single Conductor and a Helical Coil This model is licensed under the COMSOL Software License Agreement 6. videos and model files). Mar 25, 2022 · two or more conductors ( not in coil shape) or one conductor with more than two terminals, how to obtain their self inductance of conductors and mutual inductance between every two conductors or terminals. So in my model I need a variable DC current source and a constant AC current source to be flowing in the coils. I used an LCR metre to measure the impedance at the setup's input terminal and created an impedance plot vs. m. In this archived webinar, you will learn how to model the electromagnetic performance of PCBs in COMSOL Multiphysics ® for different frequency regimes. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA Jan 9, 2020 · For simulating kinetic inductacne for MKIDs (microwave kinetic inductance detectors) most of the community use SONNET rather than COMSOL. The COMSOL program can be used to analyze the problem of determining the spiral coil inductance magnitude. 44 mH, and by doing so, moves closer to the value given by the 3D model. 5%), and heat generation (+/- 4%) have been collected. 使用此模型或演示 App 文件（及其附带的操作说明）作为您自己仿真工作的起点。 Mar 11, 2024 · In this blog post, we introduce the two-capacitor paradox and share how to resolve it with modeling and simulation. In short: - Set Icoil = 0 (open circuit), Irail = 1, and measure Vtot_coil and Introduction The mutual inductance between a primary and secondary single turn coil in a concentric coplanar arrangement is computed using a DC (steady-state) model and compared against the analytic solution. Static and AC results are compared one against the other, and against analytic predictions. 0. So the 2. This is achieved through the accurate determination of different magnetic flux density components within the proposed geometry. The relationship between the AC induced currents and the DC inductance is discussed. This is a very efficient manufacturing method for producing bandpass filters, which can readily be implemented on a GaAs wafer. A method of calculation of mutual inductance based on matched and opposite c nnection of windings is compared to those described in a COMSOL blog [1]. I've read most threads in this forum. With this application, you can model the RLGC values of twin-lead, coaxial, microstrip, and CPW lines, of different dimensions and materials. It is noted that the sim lest stationary analysis is sufficiently accurate for practical purposes. I evaluated self inductance by L= 2*Wm/I^2, where Wm is energy stored and I is current. Coplanar waveguide (CPW) bandpass filters can be designed using interdigital capacitors (IDCs) and short-circuited stub inductors (SSIs). Oct 18, 2011 · Hello friends, I'm trying to simulate a 2D top view of a toroidal transformer and compute the leakage inductance from the total energy. Table 2 Capacitance matrix [C] of the model in Fig. The COMSOL Transmission Line Calculator is a simulation tool used to analyze and design transmission lines by computing key parameters such as resistance (R), inductance (L), conductance (G), and capacitance (C) per unit length. Jan 11, 2019 · You can use electromagnetics simulation with layered shell technology to design planar coils for PCBs used in a variety of industries. Aug 19, 2015 · Calculating mutual inductance for different wire coil arrangements is easy with COMSOL Multiphysics simulations. EST Low-Frequency Electromagnetics Version 4. EDT Low-Frequency Electromagnetics, Mesh 1 Reply Introduction PCB (printed-circuit board) coils are widely used in a variety of industrial applications such as micromotor and microelectronic devices. Browse the threads and share your ideas with the COMSOL community. This model demonstrates how to use the Magnetic Fields, Currents Only interface to compute the inductance matrix of an I plan to make a video series about inductance calculation. You can then use these 简介 本例使用频域模型计算同心共面的单匝主线圈和 20 匝二次线圈之间的互感和感应电流。二次线圈的每匝线圈都是显式建模的。比较了主线圈与二次线圈的静态结果和交流结果,还与解析预测值进行了比较。 This is a busbar configuration with an AC analysis. Energy (W) is computed from the total magnetic energy from comsol and multiplied by the height of transformer. But for me I want to know the inductance of the copper wire. I am trying to calculate the self and mutual inductance between 2 coils. Numerical field calculations can provide “exact” figures. First, which Physics interface (s) should be used, mfco（Magnetic Fields Current Only ， mf ( Magnetic Fields ) or mef ( Magnetic and electric fields ). Model Definition Introduction PCB (printed-circuit board) coils are widely used in a variety of industrial applications such as micromotor and microelectronic devices. Furthermore, based on the structure configuration, students can use The mutual inductance and induced currents between a single turn primary and twenty turn secondary coil in a concentric coplanar arrangement is computed using a frequency domain model. Jan 31, 2024 · Hi All I have a question about how to calculate the combined effect of inductance and capacitance. This model simulates the interaction of lightning flashes to grounded structures considering the time-varying electric field during thunderstorms. Furthermore, based on the structure configuration, students can use Apr 19, 2016 · Optimize your inductor design by evaluating its physical characteristics with the electrical modeling capabilities of COMSOL Multiphysics. The Coil feature transforms this lumped excitation into local quantities (electric field and electric current density), and computes lumped parameters of interest such as impedance, and inductance. I want to excite current through primary coil and find the inductance, mutual inductance and induced voltage of secondary coil. 2a 0 Replies Mar 6, 2014 · Formula for Inductance coil? Posted Mar 6, 2014, 4:32 a. Differential inductance quantifies the fields that arise in such electromagnetic systems when time-varying currents are driven through one of the coils. 4 0 Replies This model demonstrates how to use the Magnetic Fields, Currents Only interface together with the Stationary Source Sweep with Initialization study to compute the inductance matrix of PCB coils with a number of 12. The present paper examines the numerical agreement between COMSOL® 2D axial symmetric models, classical analytical solutions and experimental data. The combination of COMSOL ® products required to model your application depends on several factors and may include boundary conditions, material properties, physics interfaces, and part libraries. The results include Lorentz forces, induced currents, magnetic flux, and temperature. This model demonstrates how to use the Magnetic Fields, Currents Only interface to compute the inductance matrix of an Jul 15, 2024 · When modeling a low-frequency electromagnetic system involving coils, nonlinear materials, magnets, and moving parts, we are often interested in computing the differential inductance. May 8, 2011 · Inductance and capacitance matrix calculations Posted May 8, 2011, 10:26 p. Abstract: A teaching platform that could be used to help students understand concepts such as; flux linking and mutual inductance has been developed using the AC/DC module of COMSOL Multiphysics. The module is a powerful tool for detailed analysis of s, capacitors, and electrical machinery. Watch this video to learn step by step how to model a busbar, 2D cable, and 3D twisted cable. Inductors are used in many applications for low pass filtering or for impedance matching of predominantly capacitive loads. The self-inductance L becomes available as the L11 component of the inductance matrix. COMSOL is the developer of COMSOL Multiphysics® software, an interactive environment for modeling and simulating scientific and engineering problems. EDT Low-Frequency Electromagnetics Version 4. The Mutual Inductance allows specifying a coupling between two existing Inductor features in the circuit. Now my problem is: how to set parameters to let the COMSOL output the induced voltage of receive coils when transmit coils excite a current with frequency 20 kHz? Jan 19, 2024 · I want to find the value of self inductance of a straight rectangular cross section wire, I went through one of the comsol blog on calculating indutance which defines boundary condition of metal conductor and surrounding air. The results are compared against analytic predictions. I'm using version COMSOL Multiphysics 6. Abstract: COMSOL® is a powerful numerical modelling tool for electromagnetic calculations. Furthermore, based on the structure configuration, students can use obtained 6 days ago · The COMSOL discussion forum covers a wide variety of simulation topics. 2T: high accuracy Hall probe readings (+/-1%), metal conductivity (+/-0. The combination of COMSOL ® products required to model your application depends on several factors and may include boundary conditions, material properties, physics interfaces, and part libraries. Differential inductances are especially useful for building Nov 16, 2021 · Where is the inductance calculation? Posted Nov 16, 2021, 11:14 p. For the case of a single coil, the inductance can also be calculated using current and magnetic energy. An inductor usually has a magnetic core to increase the inductance, while keeping its size small. Introduction PCB (printed-circuit board) coils are widely used in a variety of industrial applications such as micromotor and microelectronic devices. EDT Low-Frequency Electromagnetics, Results & Visualization Version 4. You can do that in COMSOL by setting the coil to be excited by Voltage and setting the voltage to be zero. EDT Electromagnetics, Low-Frequency Electromagnetics Version 6. This model uses a design drawn in an external CAD software, imports the geometry to COMSOL Multiphysics, and finally calculates the inductance from the specified material parameters and frequency. Is this possible in COMSOL? If so, how should I proceed? Any suggestions? This application uses a design drawn in an external CAD software, imports the geometry to COMSOL Multiphysics, and finally calculates the inductance from the specified material parameters and frequency. Apr 16, 2025 · Finally, inductance value convergences when I perform the exact simulation in the 2D-axisymmetric domain (File_3). Particular functionality may be common to several products. The general details and experiences gained on the implementation of the model to Jul 22, 2015 · I want to check the incremental inductance, i. A teaching platform that could be used to help students understand concepts such as; flux linking and mutual inductance has been developed using the AC/DC Module of COMSOL Multiphysics®. Mar 3, 2022 · Here, we discuss the use of the Magnetic Fields, Currents Only interface within the AC/DC Module for computing total and partial inductances and AC resistances. Need an easy way to compute resistance, inductance, conductance, and capacitance of transmission lines? Use the Transmission Line Parameter Calculator. The inductance can be derived as the ratio of linked magnetic flux to current. Differential inductance is relevant when a low-frequency electromagnetic system includes magnets, nonlinear magnetic materials, and moving parts. The induced currents in the secondary coil are computed using an AC, frequency-domain, analysis. 0 (Build: 405). The equation used is W = 1/2*L (I^2). EDT Low-Frequency Electromagnetics, Geometry Version 5. Learn more here. Follow along with this comprehensive 20-part course (incl. Oct 10, 2023 · In this section, the self-inductance of the four-turn, four-layer square coil is cross-validated using the three methods discussed in earlier sections, i. 5D model suggests the armor twist leads to an overall reduction in loss — although this should be taken with a grain of salt as some phenomena are not properly accounted for (as seen in the Inductive Effects 3D tutorial). The configuration is similar to the introductory tutorial in the book Introduction to COMSOL Multiphysics. Learn how to design cables in COMSOL Multiphysics® with 6 different how-to examples. In this case, the primary and secondary coils are excited using multi turn coil domains with a current of 5A Want to learn how to calculate mutual inductance in COMSOL Multiphysics? This step-by-step fast tutorial will guide you through the process, from setting up the simulation to extracting accurate Learn how to model a single-turn electromagnetic coil using COMSOL Multiphysics® and the AC/DC Module. The inductance increases slightly, to 0. 2a 0 Replies. These cables carry electromagnetic energy, but instead of dealing with the full complexity of the electromagnetic fields, they are more commonly classified according to parameters such as capacitance, inductance, and impedance. Comparison is made between the analytical solution for the inductance of an empty ‘current sheet’ inductor and the numerical results of COMSOL Table 2 shows the COMSOL results for the capacitance per unit length of the model compared with the work of previous investigators using MoM and OSMEI methods. Watch the archived webinar. I have simulated a rectangular coil in both 3D and 2D space (note the model is simple 2D, not 2D axi-symmetric) and computed its inductance values. This application uses a design drawn in an external CAD software, imports the geometry to COMSOL Multiphysics, and finally calculates the inductance from the specified material parameters and frequency. May 29, 2024 · Inductance Values Too Low Posted May 29, 2024, 4:03 p. A significant volume of experimental data have been collected for coils running with up to 0. Jul 21, 2012 · inductance calculation of a coax Posted Jul 21, 2012, 6:36 p. EST Low-Frequency Electromagnetics, Modeling Tools & Definitions, Parameters, Variables, & Functions Version 4. Furthermore, based on the structure configuration, students can use obtained Analytical methods used for inductance calculation of toroidal coils yield large errors in the case of coils sparsely wound on low permeability cores. Jan 24, 2011 · I am trying to find the leakage inductance of toroidal transformer using a 3D model. Results are analyzed using newly developed kage inductance from static and frequency-domain analyses is illustrated. COMSOL Multiphysics® Based Inductance Estimation for Modeling Transformer Winding Faults in EMTP Hemanth Kumar Vemprala and Bruce A. May 16, 2025 · I am using the COMSOL AC/DC module with a magnetic field (mf) physics in the frequency domain (1 kHz). Modeling Exercise Define the physics for a model of a busbar using the manual approach with user-defined couplings Oct 24, 2014 · CALCULATING OF INDUCTANCE OF SPIRAL COIL Posted Oct 24, 2014, 5:09 p. A power inductor usually has a magnetic core to increase its inductance value, reducing the demands for a high frequency while keeping the sizes small. May 12, 2011 · I am trying to calculate the inductance and Mutual inductance matrix of a multi turn coil of 2 layers. The magnetic core also reduces the electromagnetic interference with other devices. Most of them are computing the coil inductance. I made a 3D model using the equivalent Copper conductors as a single winding (not each windings separately). Then applied external current density to them. e. Abstract: This paper presents the implementation of a self-consistent lightning attachment model by using the COMSOL Multiphysics 3. Apr 21, 2011 · "To measure the leakage inductance for a transformer terminal the standard procedure is to short-circuit the other terminal and then measure the inductance. Jan 3, 2014 · I want to evaluate self inductance and mutual inductance between the coils then coupling coefficient. With this module you can run static, quasi-static, transient, and time-harmonic simulations in an easy-to-use graphical user interface. COMSOL Multiphysics is software package that solves systems of coupled three-dimensional partial differential equations. This model demonstrates how to use the Magnetic Fields, Currents Only interface to compute the inductance matrix of an Jun 5, 2017 · 3D two solenoid coil self inductance and mutual inductance Posted Jun 5, 2017, 1:02 p. So could anyone tell me how I can do this? Thank you very much! Jul 21, 2022 · Hi everyone! I am currently simulating a built-in control rod position indicator (see the attached pdf file). These models present examples of computing the differential inductance and using these within simplified lumped models. It is par Jan 9, 2012 · Mutual Inductance Calculation Posted Jan 9, 2012, 3:41 p. In this work, COMSOL Multiphysics ® simulation software is used for parameter estimation of leakage reactance for segmented coils of the power transformer for T2T and T2G faults. For an array of PCB coils, it is generally of interest to know the inductive coupling represented by the inductance matrix. Feb 7, 2016 · Hi ! i noticed that inductance can be calculated via formula Wmp=0. The model developed to extract the inductance of the stacked power module was created in COMSOL Multiphysics Simulation Software. However, I too am interested in how to use COMSOL for this application. By using Homoginized multiturn conductor in coil to define number of turns for the coil, I can calculate the inductance of solenoid (result can be found in Result -> Derived COMSOL Multiphysics ® ソフトウェアのアドオン製品である AC/DC モジュール内でこれらの差動インダクタンスを使用する理論と実践について, 背景をいくつか説明します. Self-Inductance and Mutual Inductance Between Single Conductors This model is licensed under the COMSOL Software License Agreement 6. Differential inductances are especially useful for building Aug 22, 2013 · Transformer Impedance/Inductance Matrix Posted Aug 22, 2013, 10:23 a. 4 3 Replies 6 days ago · The COMSOL discussion forum covers a wide variety of simulation topics. Get the tutorial models here. Electrical cables, also called transmission lines, are used everywhere in the modern world to transmit both power and data. Self Inductance and Mutual Inductance of a Single Conductor and a Helical Coil This model is licensed under the COMSOL Software License Agreement 5. This paper presents a snap shot of experimental work, which has been conducted at NTNU on billet heating with induction coils. Wmav/i^2, 3. Self Inductance and Mutual Inductance of a Single Conductor and a Helical Coil This model is licensed under the COMSOL Software License Agreement 6. The inductance and the resistance are both computed in the magnetostatic simulation. Mork Dept. The induced currents in the secondary coil are computed using an AC (frequency-domain) analysis. The mutual inductance of the coupling is where k is the coupling factor and L1 and L2 are the inductances of the inductors. So imagine there is one coil with known current flowing in it, then the next step is to calculate the magnetic energy Wmp. , theoretical calculation, 3D coil modelling and simulation in COMSOL, and practical measurement of a laboratory prototype. This is part 1 in which i show you how to calculate a loop inductance in COMSOL. Sep 1, 2020 · I used three methods to calculate the coil inductance value but got three different values, 1. intWm/i^2 In theory, the coil inductance value is fixed, and the inductance Learn how to build models of electromagnetic coils in COMSOL Multiphysics®. PCB (printed-circuit board) coils are widely used in a variety of industrial applications such as micromotor and microelectronic devices. However, two conductors are added to represent a more realistic case of magnetic fields surrounding the busbar. EDT Low-Frequency Electromagnetics 2 Replies Inductance Matrix Calculation of PCB Coils This model is licensed under the COMSOL Software License Agreement 6. Verification is done with analytical formula and actual The Coil node can be used to model coils, cables, and other conductors subject to a lumped excitation, such as an externally applied current or voltage. Enter pulse model parameter values and click the Plot Pulse Shape button to inspect the edge current pulse instantly as a function of time before running a simulation. 0a 12 Replies Nov 12, 2009 · Hi, With the ACDC module of Comsol, I would like to calculate the standard parameters of air coil by taking into account frequency effect (inductance, resistance and capacitance of the coil) I would like to run this Comsol model under Matlab in order to make a parametrical optimization. They are in good agreement. the inductance change vs DC-load current. My question is: shall i choose 'all domains' as my surface? If so, why? Thanks ! Learn how to model inductive couplings for your transformer and inductor designs in COMSOL Multiphysics®. Within the AC/DC module of COMSOL, a magnetic-field physics simulation was performed. Jul 15, 2024 · When modeling a low-frequency electromagnetic system involving coils, nonlinear materials, magnets, and moving parts, we are often interested in computing the differential inductance. May 2, 2012 · Self and mutual inductance Calculation 3D Posted May 2, 2012, 3:19 a. Dec 20, 2018 · Calculating of inductance of coil in Time dependent Posted Dec 20, 2018, 4:20 a. In this detailed COMSOL Multiphysics tutorial, you’ll learn how to calculate self-inductance and mutual inductance using the AC/DC Module and 2D axisymmetric This model demonstrates how to use the Magnetic Fields, Currents Only interface together with the Stationary Source Sweep with Initialization study to compute the inductance matrix of PCB coils with a number of 12. The ratio of the volumetric magnetic energy density to the square of the current is fffmf. 3b 2 Replies May 6, 2025 · How to compute the self-inductance and mutual-inductance between multiple coils Posted May 6, 2025, 4:13 a. Aug 17, 2016 · Hi! I want to use COMSOL to compute the inductance of my PCB design. But I am not able to define the boundary terminal and ground in the mentioned blog to calculate, when I try to define the current terminal , it is showing not applicable This example demonstrates how to compute transmission line parameters such as series resistance, series inductance, shunt conductance, and shunt capacitance per unit length using the predefined Transmission Line RLGC Parameters multiphysics interface. 3. We demonstrate how to model the mutual inductance of PCB coils in the kHz range and a Wilkinson power divider in the GHz range. At a high frequency, capacitive effects and skin effect become significant and the equivalent circuit model involves connecting an ideal capacitor in parallel with the DC circuit. Analytical inductance calculation of a straight helix is feasible [2], [3]. And frequency domain study should 6 days ago · The COMSOL discussion forum covers a wide variety of simulation topics. The magnetic core also reduces the electromagnetic interference with other devices as the magnetic The mutual inductance and induced currents between a single-turn primary and 20-turn secondary coil in a concentric coplanar arrangement is computed using a frequency domain model. 2. Figure 1: The geometry of PCB coils. There are only crude analytical formulas or empirical formulas available for calculating impedances, so computer simulations or measurements are necessary in This application uses a design drawn in an external CAD software, imports the geometry to COMSOL Multiphysics, and finally calculates the inductance from the specified material parameters and frequency. For the Electromagnetic Waves, Transient interface, select Edge Current Type from User defined, Electrostatic discharge, or Lightning. i tried to search for different solutions in the forums here but none of the above solve my problem. 5 programming language in MATLAB. This channel provides some tutorials on step by step procedure in building several models for you COMSOL is the developer of COMSOL Multiphysics® software, an interactive environment for modeling and simulating scientific and engineering problems. Self Inductance and Mutual Inductance of a Single Conductor and a Homogenized Helical Coil This model is licensed under the COMSOL Software License Agreement 6. 1. Watch Part 1 of a 20-part coil modeling course here. Mutual Inductance and Induced Currents in a Multi-Turn Coil This model is licensed under the COMSOL Software License Agreement 5. 2a right now. The demonstration also includes the characteristic impedance and propagation constant. 2 1 Reply 在主屏幕工具栏中单击导入。 在导入的设置窗口中, 定位到导入栏。 从源列表中选择COMSOL Multiphysics 文件。 在文件名文本框中键入“ inductance_matrix_pcb_coils. Mar 21, 2025 · Hi All, I have modeled a Transformer 2D as shown in below image in COMSOL AC/DC Module to find the leakage inductance. May 3, 2012 · Self and mutual inductance Calculation 3D‏ Posted May 3, 2012, 8:55 a. This model demonstrates how to use the Magnetic Fields, Currents Only interface to compute the inductance matrix of an array of coils Figure 16 shows the resistance and inductance values of the segments based on partial wire wire method and the values obtained with Comsol Multiphysics for the actual cable geometry (shown by the blue circles). The application uses the Terminal boundary condition, which sets the current to 1 A and automatically computes the self-inductance. 5. The Coplanar Waveguide Bandpass Filter tutorial model presents a design that is compact in relation to its resonant frequency and 2Wm L = ------------- I2 where Wm is the magnetic energy and I is the current. EDT Electromagnetics, Results & Visualization, Modeling Workflow Version 6. 6 days ago · The COMSOL discussion forum covers a wide variety of simulation topics. The mutual inductance and induced currents between a single turn primary and twenty turn secondary coil in a concentric coplanar arrangement is computed using a frequency domain model. 6. Learn how to make models using Comsol multiphysics and ANYS. An AC current source is superimposed to simulate ripple current. In this video I show you how to perform a 3D model in COMOSL to calculate inductance. For this simulation, I have tried to use the magnetic field module to calculate the inductance of solenoid. They are used in a wide frequency range from near static up to several MHz. The ratio of magnetic energy to the square of current is mf. com Learn how to calculate self-inductance in COMSOL with this step-by-step tutorial! We’ll walk you through setting up simulations, defining coil parameters, and extracting inductance values. 3 0 Replies Mar 19, 2011 · It seems that COMSOL can get the induced voltage of coils directly so I don't need to calculate the inductance matrix at all. 1 16 Replies Apr 25, 2012 · I am a newbie in Comsol and i am using the version 4. Get started modeling cables with COMSOL Multiphysics®. 2a. Each turn of the secondary coil is modeled explicitly. Self-Inductance and Mutual Inductance of a Single Conductor and a Homogenized Helical Coil This model is licensed under the COMSOL Software License Agreement 6. In this model of a coaxial cable, we Self-Inductance and Mutual Inductance Between Single Conductors This model is licensed under the COMSOL Software License Agreement 6. This model demonstrates how to use the Magnetic Fields, Currents Only interface to compute the inductance matrix of an array of coils in a multilayer PCB, as shown in Figure 1. mphbin”。 单击导入。 定位到结果实体的选择栏。 选中生成的对象选择复选框。 Access features for specialized low-frequency electromagnetics modeling by adding the AC/DC Module to the COMSOL Multiphysics® software. 3b, Version 4. I have paper-insulated conductors that are manufactured with particular numbers of turns and then discs. xilqf lphab ujyuuf ixsi kkbzz cxdds irojrtj bjbzrua wxcahy debxxp vzr wolrco jfz ofcvxo zljkc