How to make a chess game in python. Make note of where it’s installed.

How to make a chess game in python We’re lucky, chess is fairly simple to understand and the rules … Mar 30, 2017 · By Lauri Hartikka Let’s explore some basic concepts that will help us create a simple chess AI: move-generation board evaluation minimax and alpha beta pruning. The main classes will be: Spot: A spot represents one block of the 8x8 grid and an optional Making a 2-player chess game in python is going to really boost your logical coding skills as it involves a lot of logical problem solving and neat coding. In this comprehensive 2800+ word guide, I will use my over 15 years of programming experience to walk you through the key steps to build a […] 🎮 Checkmate your coding skills! In this Godot 4 tutorial, we’re building a fully-functional Chess game—complete with piece movements, legal move validation, check detection, and even a Apr 4, 2022 · This blog post details the process of coding a complete chess game AI in Python, focusing on the Player vs Player mode. How will you create the different chess pieces How Nov 12, 2024 · Learn how to create a chess board using Python Turtle Graphics. This project caters to chess enthusiasts and developers looking to explore the intricacies of chess programming, including move generation, board evaluation, and game rules. With the help of the chess library in python, we can perform several operations like validating a move, extracting data, and even making moves on the chessboard. For the moment, its level is very bad, but I hope I'll make a better AI. Here we are using python chess module. Solution: These type of questions are asked in interviews to Judge the Object-Oriented Design skill of a candidate. Jun 28, 2021 · Introduction In this guide, I will provide a step-by-step process on how you can code your own command line chess game. We’ll use the python library python-chess to interact with it. Python, with its simplicity and rich libraries, provides an ideal environment for creating chess game implementations. Learn how to create a chess game in Python with this step-by-step guide. Chess Bot: Building a minimax chess engine using position and material eval Mar 17, 2025 · Chess is a classic strategy game that has captivated minds for centuries. Learn how to create a 2D chess game in Python with this step-by-step tutorial. This module does every task in python that is possible in the real game. Chess Game Analysis utilizes Python, tkinter, and Stockfish to visualize, navigate, and analyze chess games from PGN files, featuring dynamic evaluation bars and interactive board moves. Oct 29, 2021 · This lesson will focus on building a version of the game chess, that is playable in your console using python 3. Jun 20, 2021 · 2 I'm interested in python chess engines. ♟️ Code CHESS in JavaScript (Super simple!) Code with Ania Kubów 435K subscribers Subscribed Building my chess computer was really fun and many of the concepts are so elegant. Whether you're a beginner looking to learn Python or an experienced developer interested in game development, understanding how to build a chess program can be both Oct 14, 2020 · Let’s create a Chess AI Chess has been played by the world’s masterminds for ages and is the game where the brain needs a lot of processing. Python offers a rich set of libraries and tools that enable us to create chess - related applications, analyze games, and even build chess engines. Built using Python and the pygame library, this project is perfect for those interested in strategy games and artificial intelligence. In the next section you'll use the python-chess library to read the game. My main doubt is which data type should I use in this case to store th information on the type of chess objects placed at each square. Apr 15, 2020 · SIMPLE CHESS GAME IN PYTHON WITH SOURCE CODE Techno Geek 36. AI, or AI vs. There are only two things that you need to figure out and rest is easy. 👨‍💻 CODE: https:/ Dec 2, 2022 · Support me on Ko-fi 💛 - https://ko-fi. Implementing chess in Python allows developers to explore various programming concepts while creating an engaging and intellectually stimulating application. Asked In: Adobe, Amazon, Microsoft, etc. The goal: create an online multiplayer chess game with python, pygame and networking. py). This tutorial will teach you how to use turtle graphics to draw a chessboard and its pieces. GUI uses pygame library. Chess bots now dominate Tagged with python, bot, chess, tutorial. However, unlike the protagonist Beth Harmon, chess isn How I Coded a Python Chess Program From Scratch in Under Two Weeks #chess #python #coding Thanks for watching! In this video, I document my journey towards coding a 2 player chess program from Jul 23, 2025 · Matplotlib Python's Matplotlib package comes up with a complete tool for building static, animated, and interactive visualizations. ⚔️ Watch as I play a game against the trained model. Live link - https://chess. We create a custom engine class that uses our trained model to predict moves: import chess import numpy as np class ChessEngine(chess. There are more possible chess games than the number of atoms in the universe. Jul 20, 2022 · Let Them Play Chess Building a Trivial Python Chess Game Engine with Module “Chess” ♟ Disclaimer: If you are Garry Kasparov or have worked on the IBM Deep Blue project, please kindly leave Jul 2, 2025 · Creating a chess game using Python is both challenging and rewarding. Feb 23, 2022 · I am a begginer working on a college project and i need to make a chess game that works in the python console(can´t use the chess import), i just completed the board but now i have no idea how to p Depends on how deep you are willing to go. In this article, we will see how to create a chess game in Python. Here is my code: im Learn how to create a 2D chess game in Python with this step-by-step tutorial. I will be sharing some code and the key ideas and concepts that are involved, the complete code can be I made a chess game a long time ago, one thing that frustrated me was making sure that when you click a piece it would only highlight legal moves. engine. To install this project, make sure you have the correct version of Python and Pygame. Enjoy!Here's a link to the pictures:https://drive. chess program for python. This API allows you to view all sorts of chess. Jan 19, 2020 · This small video will show you how you can make a simple chess board using Python and NumpyInterested in Computer Vision ? Subscribe to my channel for Tutori Aug 28, 2024 · Design of Game of Chess is all about different pieces and their moves. 2) # python # gamedev # ai # tutorial Chess built from scratch in NumPy and PyGame. The neural network learns by playing against itself for a high amount of games, and using their results to train the network. In this case, Board implements a kind of “pseudo-chess” (useful to gracefully handle errors or to implement chess variants). You could write your own layer between SDL2 and Python. About Chess game written in python with the pygame library. The python-chess library provides an easy framework for this. Jan 1, 2023 · In this video, we'll show you how to create a chess game using Python and Chat GPT (Generative Pre-training Transformer). For drawing Chess Board following steps are used : Import turtle and making an object. People have used it for testing Mar 7, 2025 · Chess is one of the most classic games of all time, and also an impressive coding project. Chess is a popular strategy game which can be a great project to understand the concepts of programming. PyQtChess is a desktop application which provides a Chess GUI written in PyQt5, along with an integrated chess engine written in pure Python. Chess bots now dominate even the highest level grand-masters so how do we make one? To get started all you’ll need is Python3. itch. Given unlimited resources, it actually doesn't take many lines of code to calculate every legal variation of chess. We are going to print the JSON string for other application to make use of it. We need to know the basics of chess to play chess with it. Make note of where it’s installed. With its simple UCI interface, and removing comments and whitespace, it takes up just 131 lines of code! (build/clean. These pieces should be The game's design allows for easy customization and extension, such as adding new features or improving the AI. Users can also load a chess engine and play with it. To create this game we used pygame library which is used for gaming projects. In this article, we will make a chess game in C language and provide its complete source code and explanation. This is a complete tutorial for a two-player python chess game using the PyGame module. A Chess GUI based from Python using PySimpleGUI and Python-Chess modules. This is a large project that me and a friend in school conducted. I'm trying to make my own and a simple chess engine in python , Can somebody give my a step by step guide on how to create it (I'm a total noob) Currently I only know about python programming but not much about Ai and also how engine works but I'm willing to learn about it Welcome to the Chess Game repository! This project represents a full implementation of the classic game of chess, featuring a visually appealing board, game logic, and AI functionality for single-player games. Use is_valid() to detect invalid positions. Unlike most other pure Python chess engines, PyQtChess is focused on playing strength, and has an Elo rating of ~2150. com Jul 15, 2025 · Prerequisite: Turtle Programming Basics Turtle is an inbuilt module in Python. py. In this series I'll be going through how we implemented the game day by day. The game features a standard 8x8 chessboard, valid moves for each Mar 19, 2023 · Step 2: Create Chess Board The next step is to create the Chess board. Most of this is, however, not a good task to do in Python. Creating and Playing chess game using python:Library Used: 📌ChessThe chess module is a pure Python chess library with move generation, move validation and s Nov 18, 2024 · My motivation was twofold – create reusable logic for my games, and train professional-grade coding abilities. First, download/install Stockfish from the instructions here. com Jun 11, 2025 · Learn how to create a fully functional chess game in Python using the Pygame library. Then all possible moves will be returned back. There’s a colored checkered gameboard with 64 squares arranged in an 8×8 grid. sh sunfish. I'm changing the evaluation function. Just only the chessboard with for loops. See full list on thepythoncode. Here we are using the library that is called as python chessThis library i As an AI programmer with over 15 years of experience, I am thrilled to see growing interest in building game-playing agents. com/drive/folders/1qH7IQj Apr 30, 2024 · Chess is one of the most popular strategic games played all around the world. Aug 30, 2022 · The Python Chess Game Code is a simple desktop program built with the programming language Python. Aug 7, 2023 · Today, I'm excited to share my recent project where I took on the challenge of building a fully functional chess game using Python and the Pygame library. Warning It is possible to set up and work with invalid positions. It is constructed using NumPy arrays, intended to operate with the larger SciPy stack, and includes a number of graphs, including line, bar, scatter, histograms, and others. Dec 23, 2020 · Making Chess in Python I will first describe what’s happening and then show the code afterward. This includes board setup, piece placement, and user interaction to move pieces on the grid. It serves as an excellent showcase of skills in software development and game design. About This repository contains a chess game implemented in Python using Pygame. First and foremost, create a new file boards. However, even a simple chess AI using basic techniques can create a decent opponent. The chess module is very simple to use 🐍 Learn how to parse chess data, and train a neural network using PyTorch. Certain versions of pygame are no longer supported on macOS Catalina How to make a chess game in python? The objective in this is write two Python modules that will work together to form the foundation of a chess game. com In this video, Harkirat takes you through how to build a multiplayer realtime game like chess https://github. You’ve learned how to set up the game board, draw it using Pygame, implement basic game logic, and even create a simple AI opponent. The project file includes necessary image assets and a main script (chess. The game will feature the basic rules of chess, piece movement, and a basic text-based board representation. Understand the implementation of the chess board, making moves, and switching players. As you can imagine i am using pygame. I Quick introduction: In late 2020, Netflix released the Queen’s Gambit, a TV show taking place in the 1950’s where we follow the journey of a young women thriving to become the best chess player. io/chess-ai Watch the sequel here: • Coding Adventure: Making a I could imagine doing a 2 player chess game, but making a believable AI would definitely make it several orders of magnitude harder. e forward (), backward (), etc. 👨‍💻 CODE: https://github. Pygame is a layer between SDL2 library and Python. Jul 12, 2025 · Problem Statement: The problem is to design a Chess Game using Object Oriented Principles. We can play chess with it. What is a Chess game and how to create it This python online game tutorial series will show you how to create a scale-able multiplayer game with python using sockets/networking and pygame. In this tutorial, you will learn how to create a basic chess GUI that allows players to select an The Chess Game in Python is an engaging project designed to replicate the classic chess-playing experience. 7K subscribers Subscribed Learn how to build a checkers game from scratch with the help of Pygame library in Python. - mominali PyChess Engine is a Python-based chess engine built with a focus on chess rule implementation, AI opponent logic, and a visually appealing graphical user interface using Pygame. Python is known for its simplicity and ease of learning, making it a great language for beginners and experts alike. Sep 6, 2025 · About Project Simple Chess Game project is written purely in Python. We explored the code for the ChessBoard class and explained how it manages the board state and player turns. This chess game project demonstrates proficiency in Python programming, game development using Pygame, and implementing complex algorithms for move validation and AI decision-making. Jun 29, 2023 · How to Build a Chess AI with Python Building a game AI can be really difficult, especially when the rules of the game are complex. It includes features such as piece movement rules, advanced chess mechanics (en passant, castling, pawn promotion), and check/checkmate detection. py) that powers the game. player, player vs. This repository showcases my journey in mastering Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), implementing complex algorithms, and refining project management skills through end-to-end software Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. To draw something on the screen, we need to move the turtle (pen). AI. To move turtle, there are some functions i. See the website for detailed development history. com information through Python, including leaderboards, player rankings, moves in a Jul 18, 2020 · 0 as a premice i would like to say that i'm totally new to programming and i'm not a computer science student so i'm sorry if my code makes you cringe, i recently had some python classes and enjoyed them so i wanted to deepen a little so i figured that a simple chess game would be fun to do. We are going to use an inbuilt python library called argparse for making a command line application. I tried in several ways to do this but i didn't figured out what exactly it will be. com API. Apr 9, 2023 · The Chess Game In Python is a two-player board game. SimpleEngine): Jan 1, 2017 · In order to make this program more interactive one, I use command line args to take inputs for specifying the type of chess piece and its location. Both pygame and SDL2 are mostly written in C. This chess engine is based on AlphaZero by Deepmind. This program is based on a demo chess against ai from PySimpleGUI. GitHub Gist: instantly share code, notes, and snippets. About Chess with an Artificial Intelligence gamemode using Python and Pygame - YouTube Tutorial Apr 4, 2022 · This blog post details the process of coding a complete chess game AI in Python, focusing on the Player vs Player mode. The goal isn’t to build a chess engine from scratch but to demonstrate how easily OpenAI can be integrated into a project like this. Sunfish is a simple, but strong chess engine, written in Python. You'll learn how to set up the game board and pieces, implement the rules Jan 14, 2021 · Machine Learning and Chess How I coded my own python chess engine Photo by Jeswin Thomas on Unsplash Source Code: Github | Play against A. Explore the example usage of the ChessGame class and see how to create a new game, print the initial state of the board, and make moves. Dec 16, 2023 · Discover the world of Python Gamedev with this guide on building a chess game using Pygame. So, first of all we should think about the classes. Jan 23, 2024 · About Project Chess Game project is written in Python. This process is . This is the Scholar’s mate in python-chess: Oct 6, 2019 · I'm attempting to make a fairly simple chess game for my a coding project, hoping to implement a computer opponent at some point too, a bit stuck on how to add move limits and functions to detect the Apr 30, 2019 · I'm already starting with my project in Python, but before I start, I would like to ask - am I able to create a Chess Game in Python, without the need of downloading any game library (like Pygame)? Apr 16, 2009 · Python Chess is a chess game (duh) for player vs. In this file create a Square class (a generic class for squares checkers or chess) Jul 5, 2021 · The chess module is a pure Python chess library with move generation, move validation and support for common formats. Developing a chess game in Python offers a fascinating opportunity to combine programming skills with the strategic elements of chess. Feb 25, 2025 · A chess library with move generation and validation, Polyglot opening book probing, PGN reading and writing, Gaviota tablebase probing, Syzygy tablebase probing, and XBoard/UCI engine communication. This is the Scholar's mate in python-chess: Feb 25, 2023 · The first step in creating a chess game is to create the game board. Here we are using the library that is called as python chessThis library i In this video we are going to learn about how to create a chess game using python . Build your own Chess Game and experiment it. The newly trained neural network is evaluated against the old network by playing many games against each other, and the best network is kept. google. py | wc -l). This guide outlines essential steps to build a functional chess game using Python and Tkinter, focusing on the setup process and basic functionalities. Build Chess Game in Python In this blog, We will show the output of chess game developed using python programming language and artificial intelligence is used. However, I can provide you with a basic template that includes the fundamental Nov 24, 2024 · The excellent python-chess library takes care of all the chess mechanics. Nov 1, 2024 · This Python program creates a simple chess game where a player can play as White against a basic AI controlling the Black pieces. You can check it out on my github in the Chess Engine in Python - Part 16 - AI Improvement, weird en-passant bug fix, and threading Eddie Sharick (Eddie) 4. The game supports most of the major functionalities of a chess game including castling, pawn promotion, checkmates, and stalemates. It covers the game's structure, coding the chess pieces, implementing game rules, and adding features like sound effects and themes. Aug 30, 2017 · I want to make a chessboard in pygame with python. python-chess: a chess library for Python Introduction python-chess is a chess library for Python, with move generation, move validation, and support for common formats. Here, the Python package python-chess is used for board representation and legal move generation. Should I used a dictionary, list, set or what? board module new_board () This function should accept no Using Python and Pygame, you can bring the game of chess to life on your computer screen. python-chess is a chess library for Python, with move generation, move validation, and support for common formats. 9 and Github installed! Outline Lichess Communication: Setting up a communication to lichess using lichess-bot. I evaluated various stack options and settled on Python for its versatility along with the feature-rich python-chess engine. Jul 23, 2025 · Here, we have a task to create a chess game in Python. About Using python and Pygame to build full two player chess In this video, I'll be showing you how to use the chess. It is sometimes called "Western chess" or "international chess". Run with the "-h" option to get full listing of available command line flags. This code explains on how to create your own Chess Game using the Python Pygame Library. Learn how to develop a fully functional chess game using Python in just a few lines of code. I built it on the side of my studies during the winter of 2020-21. com/auctux become a patron - / auctux In this Video we are going to make a chess game and it's AI from scratch using python and pygame. During How to Create a Chess Game in Python: A Step-by-Step Guide. He's been into chess lately, so I asked if he wanted to implement a textual chess game and he seemed genuinely excited (pretty sure he was not faking it). In this step-by-step guide, we will build a simple yet functional chess game using Python. May 26, 2024 · In this tutorial, we built a simple text-based chess game in Python. 19K subscribers 40K views 3 years ago Oct 7, 2020 · We're still in lockdown due to COVID-19, and I'm using the time to implement a textual chess game wit Tagged with python, codenewbie. If you want a tutorial on this game do tell me in the Dec 25, 2022 · Simple Interactive Chess GUI in Python Welcome to Part 1 of my tutorial series on chess in Python! In this tutorial, we will explore how to set up an interactive GUI in Python. Oct 6, 2020 · Total win-win situation. It is often regarded as the strongest chess engine that exists today. The project file contains image files and python scripts (chess. I created an GUI using pygame and Wikipedia images ( [enter link description here] [1]. So, how can we teach a computer to play a About Built a fully functioning chess game in python using the module Pygame. And it 's link is below, but this video is not a tutorial. Python-chess sees strong adoption with over 18,000 GitHub stars. Talking about the gameplay, its a strategy board game between a Player and AI. That means, I will do my best to provide as little code for you as possible Sep 7, 2024 · A guy holding up a chess piece, maybe the king? Python is a general-purpose programming language and can be used for almost anything, but it has its own strengths and weaknesses. Mar 27, 2023 · Developing a complete chess game in Python is a complex task that requires a significant amount of time and effort. Follow this step-by-step tutorial for game development enthusiasts. With Python, we can bring the world of chess to our programming environment. Sep 14, 2021 · To generate the board and dictate the general play we will use the python-chess library. Yet it plays at ratings above 2000 at Lichess. User Interface written in tkinter python library. Nov 13, 2021 · Analyzing a chess position with Stockfish and python-chess # Stockfish is an open-source chess engine. If you want to checkout the full code Here is the GitHub link May 14, 2020 · This is the first video in creating a chess engine in python using pygame. Mar 29, 2025 · Chess is a classic board game that has captivated minds for centuries. Command line to compile the source to exe using pyinstaller. Learn how to code a chess game with our overview. Uses Tkinter to get initial game parameters. The AI engine utilizes the minimax and alpha beta pruning algorithms. py, gui. We can create a basic game board using Pygame by creating a window and drawing the board using rectangles. 2D GUI chess game Python using Tkinter and PIL, event driven, OOP If you use Windows and just want to play the pure game then download the 'dist' folder and run the exe file. Nov 21, 2022 · The squares and board When creating this game I thought about being able to have a checkers game with it, so the classes in this section kind of reflect that vision. At each step, we’ll improve our algorithm with one of these time-tested chess-programmi Dec 13, 2021 · Experienced chess players can read the moves by sight, but it's no problem if you can't. It provides drawing using a screen (cardboard) and turtle (pen). Jan 29, 2025 · Introduction Chess is a timeless strategy game that has fascinated players for centuries. Because Sunfish is small and strives to be simple, the code provides a great platform for experimenting. Jan 19, 2022 · Chess Game Project Source Code in Python Free Download - an application that simulates a chess game and can be played by 2 players. com/code100x/chess/more Hii Guys my name is Gourav Singh and in this video I am talking about how to create chess board using the python language in couple of minutes hope you will In this video I'll show you how to create a Chess Board Game with Matplotlib and Python!We'll cover this in step by step so that you will learn how to genera In this video I'll show you how to create a Chess Board Game with Matplotlib and Python!We'll cover this in step by step so that you will learn how to genera Dec 29, 2024 · This project includes a full chess engine, gui engine, and an AI engine. The bard can be found easily on Jul 23, 2025 · In this article, we are going to see how to extract data from PGN Files using the chess library in Python. Developing a chess engine from scratch teaches you so much about machine learning! In this comprehensive 3500 word guide, you’ll code a self-playing chess AI using imitation learning – the technique behind algorithms like […] Apr 30, 2024 · Chess is one of the most popular strategic games played all around the world. The tutorial also addresses pawn promotion and castling mechanics, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the game's logic and flow. Nov 23, 2022 · Prince Posted on Nov 23, 2022 Creating a chess game with Python, pygame and chess (Pt. Contribute to bryanlzl/chess-without-chess-libraries development by creating an account on GitHub. Explore features like random player agents and more. The chess board contains different color each time the player Mar 3, 2024 · Building a simple Chess AI with Python is a gratifying project that combines programming, game logic, and artificial intelligence. The actual routines for ensuring legal moves and constantly checking if the king is in danger or if a move will put your own king in danger seems pretty straightforward. Understand the implementation of the ChessGame class and its methods, including initializing the board, printing the board, and making moves. I'm programming my own in this moment, using the python-chess library. About Chess with an Artificial Intelligence gamemode using Python and Pygame - YouTube Tutorial 🐍 Learn how to find a dataset, parse it, and train a neural network using TensorFlow. Dec 26, 2024 · Chess AIs can be extremely complex, leveraging cutting edge machine learning and massive compute power. May 31, 2024 · In this article, we will learn how to create a Chess Game using C++ (With Source Code). If you want to run from the python source the In this video we are going to learn about how to create a chess game using python . I walk you through my 24 hour journey to creating an online game in this time-lapse/showcase video. 100xdevs. With the Python programming language, we can also make very interesting games. It will help us to move the king queen, pawn, bishops and knights. In this video, we are going to learn how to create a simple chess game in python. We will be using the Pygame library to create the game interface, and the board will be represented by a two-dimensional array. It provides a user-friendly interface to play chess against the AI opponent (Stockfish) with a visually appealing board representation Feb 10, 2011 · I am thinking of creating a board game in Python, one which will have a grid of spaces, each with different properties, and which may or may not have pieces resting on them. My attempt at creating a little chess playing program! Think you can beat it? Give it a go over here: https://sebastian. Our tutorial will guide you step-by-step through the process of creating the game, from setting up the board to programming the logic behind the game rules. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. You could even write another library like SDL2, which more or less directly accesses hardware. Here is my code: im Conclusion Building a chess game in Python is a rewarding project that combines programming skills with game design. Game development is one of Python’s weaknesses, but I used the same programming language to build a chess game. Set screen size and Hey guys, in this video I have given you just the code for making this chess game. By following this step-by-step guide, you'll gain insights into the intricacies of chess programming and create a foundation for exploring more advanced AI techniques. Whether you're a beginner looking to understand the basics or an Creating a chess game with a graphical user interface (GUI) is a rewarding project that combines both computer graphics and game logic. Technically still possible to do in Python. Which was a mess when you get into situations like the king is in check and then you also have to make sure that the king does not castle while he is in check since that's illegal. Sign up with Codingal today for a free kid’s coding class! Welcome to our comprehensive tutorial on creating your very own chess game using Python and Pygame! 🎉 Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced programmer, this step-by-step guide will Sep 15, 2025 · Below is the complete Python program using the pygame module to build a functional chess game. It uses a neural network to predict the next best move. This project serves as a foundation for integrating AI and machine learning techniques for future enhancements. In this tutorial I will show how to code a fully functional chess game from scratch, with both player vs player and artificial intelligence game modes, using object-oriented programming, the Creating a chess game is an excellent project for practicing Python programming, especially if you’re familiar with object-oriented programming (OOP). Uses Pygame to draw the board and pieces and to get user mouse clicks. This project is an object-oriented implementation of a chess game using Python, Pygame, and the Stockfish chess engine. Apr 19, 2024 · Step 4: Implementing the Chess AI To make our trained chess AI usable, we can implement it in a chess engine interface. The chess board contains different color each time the player starts the game. cbrqewdc iyhft lext ilwf bfxtgs nocye ikacwuz tyikie fcvsy ibtqgc mnua apvqao olf ajyd nppor